kkckc의 일상

82. Persons VS People

UGLY: The system is now being used by 145 persons.

GOOD: The installed base comprises 37 people.

84. Feel VS Think

* Feel: only when the creature under discussion is experiencing an emotion

GOOD: Jade feels slightly soapy when you rub it.

* Think, believe, argue, and so on to denote intelligent activity.

GOOD: Helen thinks that computers can be extremely uncooperative.

87. Last

* You can run into problems when you use last, because the word is ambiguous. 

UGLY: The argument given in the last paragraph has been used for centuries.

GOOD: We shall now prove the theorem that we gave in the previous chapter.

SPLENDID: We shall now present the detail of the algorithm that we introduced in Section 11.2

88. Focus On

You should avoid overusing focus on. : 뭐 써도 되는데, 약간 위험할 수 있음

When you do use focus, be certain not to compound your sins by coupling it with upon

UGLY: Our discussion focuses on decision making under extreme time pressure.

GOOD: We shall concentrate on the positive aspects of marriage in this dissertation.

90. Around

* circa: 연대, 경 

BAD: The program uses around 4 MB of RAM

GOOD: The disk has approximately 4 MB available.

GOOD: Punch cards where in use years ago, circa the era of the flower children. 

93. Semicolon

The semicolon connects two sentences that are closely related to each other.

GOOD: This machine is difficult to use; for example, it crashes whenever you change windows.

94. Code: Use Other Font or something

UGLY: Use Procedure LoadSymptoms when you desperately need an illness.

GOOD: Use procedure LoadSymptoms when you desperately need an illness.

95. Comparatives

BAD: Unix was weaker in interprocess communication because its only facility for that activity was the pipe.

GOOD: Now, 4.3 BSD provides a richer set of facilities than that available previously.

106. Nonwords

* Do not use hyphen at all in most nonwords.

BAD: Use non-numerical analysis when you cannot obtain the exact values.

GOOD: Several nonnuclear sources of power are available.

107. Missing That

* Many people leave out that from sentences in which it belongs. The result is sloppy prose.

UGLY: Devon believes Max is sleeping late every morning.

GOOD: Max believes that Brian is a superb programmer.

108. All of

* longer term all of is silly when all alone will surface.

UGLY: Marina could not afford to spend all of her time driving back and forth over the hill

GOOD: Pat could not afford to spend all his money on the new mile-wide television set.

111. Issue

Far too many writer use issue as a catchall term. I recommend that you use more specific and more meaningful terms instead.

UGLY: Health-care issues are at issue in this year's discourse.

GOOD: Problems in health-care delivery and the lack of universal health-care insurance have caught the nation's attention this year.

113. So Called

* Wise writers avoid using it

UGLY: The so-called gold standard in this case is determined by common practice.

GOOD: The gold standard in this case is determined by a set of measurements locked in a secure vault.

114. Note That VS Notice That

* Note That: Strong Emphasis

* Notice that: for weaker emphasis, act or noticing

GOOD: Note that, when Max is relaxed and happy, BB climbs on his lap, rolls on her back, and wriggles invitingly.

GOOD: In the middle of a rainy morning, Holly noticed that the goats had been gnawing on the corners of the picnic table.

121. Not VS Rather Than

BAD: The logic example demonstrates modus ponens, not modus tolens.

GOOD: You should use proof by refutation, rather than resolution theorem proving.

131. Truncated Words

lab -> laboratory

memo -> memorandum

math -> mathematics, mathematical

ad -> advertisement

net -> network

phone -> telephone

135. Further VS Farther

* Farther: refers to distance

* Further: extents or degree

GOOD: "Well", reasoned Jan, "Don't write any further material into you get your brain plugged back in."

GOOD: "You're right," Lyn nodded. "I'll just sit a little farther away so that I can stop driving you batty"

51. Who Vs That

* THAT denotes nonhuman entities; who is correct word to use to denote humanoids of various ilks.

BAD: The scientists that designed this study method must have been a sadist.

GOOD: The programmer who designed this software deserves to reach Nirvana.

GOOD: The robot who delivered the hospital radiology films got lost and fell down the stairs.

* Use should use that for all objects and creatures that you do not consider to be remotely human.

BAD: Suresh was trying to identify the computer on the network who was causing all the trouble.

GOOD: Boris was trying to identify the function that would create the most gorgeous graphs for the demo.

52. Though

Either although or even though is preferable to the unnecessarily truncated though.

UGLY: Though the software is fast, the results that it produces are inaccurate.

GOOD: Although the machine is clumsy to use, its graphics capabilities are stupendous.

BAD: I am leaving you, though I love you.

GOOD: I am leaving you, even though I love you.

53. References to Parts

UGLY: Complete Step 3 before you enter Phase II.

GOOD: Sit on step 3, and ponder phase 2.

UGLY: In phase (II), we will measure the CPU burst times, ~~~ ~~~

UGLY: Test the algorithm that you developed in part (b) on three different data sets.

GOOD: Part c shows the history of various versions of the Unix operating system.

UGLY?: Figure 4a shows why virtual memory can be much larger than physical memory.

UGLY?: Figure 5.7a shows the page table ~~

GOOD: Figure 2(b) shows the transfer of paged memory to contiguous disk space.

GOOD: Figure 6.2(c) shows the steps in handling a page fault.

54. Dates and Times of the Day

* Use a comma after the day of the month when you give a date with the year.

UGLY: What happened on March 15 1022?

GOOD: August 9, 1991, is a special day for Lyn.

* Don't put a comma after a month.

UGLY: By the end of March, 1994, Lyn had not written a single word of her manuscript.

GOOD: By the end of October 1994, Lyn's book ~

* Should spell out first, fifteenth, and so on in a date, as else where

BAD: Lyn suffered a serious car accident on August 9th.

GOOD: For years, Lyn has found August ninth to be either wondrously good or appallingly bad.

* Hyphenate after mid- but not early or late.

BAD: This dress was stylish in the mid 1940s.

GOOD: Flappers where abundant in the mid-1920s.

* How to set a time

BAD: At two A.M. in the morning ~

BAD: At 23:00 at night, ~~

GOOD: At 9:30 P.M., on the night 

GOOD: By 21:00,

GOOD: At 6 in the morning, ~~

* Use small capital letters and periods for A.M, P.M. ~~

BAD: Max did not get home from work until 3 AM.

GOOD: By 3:00 A.M., all was well again ~~

BAD: In 4 BC, ~~

GOOD: By 2000 B.C., 

55. Reason Is Because

* Do not use reason is because 

BAD: The reason Max's spanking-new machine jammed is because Red object ~~

GOOD: The reason the mail carrier has not come is that she was attacked yesterday.

GOOD: Boris sighed heavily and wiped his brow, because debugging was not always easy.

GOOD: The reason why Lyn eventually became slightly less hysterical is that the four musketeers.

56. With Terms

* Meet people rather than meeting with people 

UGLY: I would like to meet with you to discuss pointer types.

GOOD: I would like to meet you to discuss types pointedly.

* Visit People rather than visiting with them

UGLY: Holly visited with Misha while he lay ill in bed.

GOOD: Sachiko visited peter.

* Consult people rather than consulting with them

UGLY: I would like to consult with a decision analyst.

GOOD: Lyn would like to consult her personal decision analyst.

* place objects or people with each other, rather than together with each other.

UGLY: This table contains the addresses, together with the telephone numbers.

GOOD: This table contains the marketing targets, with the telephone numbers.

* Avoid using along with to mean as well as or simply with.

UGLY: Lyn packed in Max's briefcase the relevant disks, along with a banana and a handful of dried apricots.

GOOD: Max brought Lyn chocolate, as well as nectarines and mints, when they were working late together.

UGLY: Lyn took Red along with her when she went to visit Max at Lumina.

GOOD: Max took Lyn with him on his trip to Chile.

57. Equals

* You should use the term is equal to, and should avoid equals.

BAD: If x equals to y, then we have no more work to do.

GOOD: When x is equal to y, we exit the loop.

* You should be careful when you use the phrase greater than or equal to.  (also to, less than or equal to)

BAD: We set a greater or equal to b.

GOOD: We set z greater than or equal to p.

BAD: Let x be less or equal to y.

GOOD: Use a p value of less than or equal to 0.05.

58. Placement of Adverbs.

In general, you should place adverbs after the verbs that they modify, and usually should place them at the end of the phrase or clause to which they belong.

GOOD: Once you get to the podium, slowly walk through the door, even if your desire to rush in headlong is powerful.

SPLENDID: Once you get to the top, climb into heaven slowly.

THERE ARE NO SIMPLE, ABSOLUTE RULES HERE! NUANCES~!

59. US VS British spelling

US VS GB

afterward not afterwards 

..

..

60. Placement of Prepositions

Is is cruel to leave prepositions (with, for, to, from, under, on, in, and so on) dangling at the end of the clauses that contain them;

BAD: Lyn wondered whom she would be living with in Ladakh, and what she was waiting for.

GOOD: Max wondered for whom he would be cooking in Woodside, and for what he was worrying about such questions when he had several companies to run.

BAD: what did you pick that up from?

GOOD: From whom did you learn that trick?

61. Different From

BAD: Information is different than knowledge.

GOOD: A database is different from a knowledge base.

62. Callouts

* You should call out all figures, tables, programs, and boxes,  or other numbered blocks in text. 

GOOD: Figure 3.4 shows a camel after the final straw.

SPLENDID: To see an optical illusion, you should turn to Figure 5.6, on page 486.

* You should not include information about the provenance of a figure or table with the callout;

BAD: The network layer interact as shown in Figure 3.7; this figure is adaped from Russell [7].

BAD: The data for Table 7 were collected by graduate-student slaves; their accuracy is thus guaranteed.

63. Exclamation Point

UGLY: "Dammit!" screamed Max, "Why doesn't anyone understand that I just don't have a time?!"

GOOD: The earth moved! And then the waterbed collapsed.

64. Deduce VS Infer

Deduction: The general to specific

Inference: The specific to general

GOOD: Lyn knows that all men are marshmallows, and that Max is a man. Therefore, Lyn deduces that Max is a marshmallow.

GOOD: Lyn knows that living with Max is a riot, and that Max is a man. Therefore, Lyn infers that living with men is a riot.

65. Citations

It is important that you use a consistent style to cite you source. 

UGLY: Some times ago, Peter found Helen (Gorden, 1983); she has been organizing him ever since.

- A reader might think that, in 1983, Peter met someone ~~

GOOD: A previous study [Goldstein & Gorden, 1973] demonstrated that placing trust in authors is a necessary but risky policy.

GOOD: Arnold and Sterling [1994] report that bringing a port to market involves fast automatic conversion and tedious manual debugging.

66. The Fact That

The phrase the fact that is verbose, clumsy, dry, and overly formal.

UGLY: The fact that Red is immense is immediately evident when you meet him.

GOOD: The Red is breathtakingly handsome is immediately evident when he gazed into your eyes and purrs.

67. Cross-Reference

* You shall use the smallest-granularity place indicator available when you give a cross-reference.

UGLY: We shall discuss wombat mating practices later.

GOOD: We shall discuss the chemical analysis of crocodile tears in Chapter 7.

SPLENDID: We shall discuss how to remove a live mouse from a cat's mouse, without indicating a heart attack in any one of you, in Section 7.4.9.

* You should not give redundant information in a cross-reference.

+ Never use above or below

UGLY: The technique is described in the Methods section, Section 3.

GOOD: The statistical analysis that we used is described in Section 3.

SPLENDID: We described the study population in Section 3.

68. Proposals

* You should make it easy for your reader to cooperate with you.

- Write an Abstract

- Say why your work is important, and why your reader should fund it.

- Should be explicit about what you are proposing to do.

- not make commitments that you cannot keep.

- give the background to your work in terms of work done by other researchers or organizations, and of work done by you or your organization or laboratory.

- talk intelligently about why you are particularly well qualified to carry out the proposed work.

- talk intelligently about why your proposed work is the best approach by a relevant measure.

- specify precisely what you will deliver

- indicate what measures you will use to determine your success.

- Write authoritatively 

- provide a carefully thought-out budget that allows your reader to see at a glance how funds will be allotted.

- follow precisely the structure mandated by the funding agency or other oraganization.

- invite your reader to ask questions or otherwise to seek further information.

- before you begin to write a proposal that involves multiple actors - co-investigators, or subcontractors - you should clarify what roles everyone will play

- Plan the outline which everyone agree

- Multi-authored proposal, you should make up and agree to a page budget.

- set explicit deadlines for each person

- before the deadline, more than 2 minutes, you should make sure that your stuffs, printer, copier, stapler, car, so on, are working

- after you submit the proposal, you should do your best to forget about it until you get a response.

69. Better; Best, Worst

UGLY: This algorithm is better.

GOOD: This algorithm is faster.

70. Missing Words

You should use the various --- that indicates missing words and l----ters.

* 3-em dash (---) to indicate missing word

* 2-em dash (--) to indicate missing letters.

71. Aggravate (which is derived from the Latin aggravare, to make heavier)

GOOD: Drinking wine will aggravate your headache. (=making heavier)

GOOD: Smoking a Cuban cigar is likely to aggravate a cough.

* Irritate means to annoy or provoke when the object irked is animate. 

(짜증나게[초조하게] 하다, 화나게 하다, 안달하게 하다(⇒ irritated))

GOOD: Max was irritated to find that he had lost his keys again.

72. Upon

Upon (which means up on) is only rarely the correct term to use; in most cases, the more elegant and simple on suffices.

UGLY: I shall discourse upon Silicon Valley formalisms in Chapter 5.

GOOD: We shall comment on the spit-happens phenomenon in Chapter 2.

UGLY: Maria and Geoff decided upon a control technique that used agendas in a separate element class.

GOOD: Malcolm and Gelareh agreed on a new control WME.

* Occasionally, upon is the term of choice.

GOOD: Lyn leapt upon her white horse and rescued Max from his distress.

73. Whether VS If

* Whether: Whether or not이 가능할 때

UGLY: Ted did not know if the variable n was an integer or a real number.

GOOD: Darlene did not know whether Bachmann's O notation couild be used with S(x), where x is a real number.

* In most cases where whether or not is correct, you should use simply whether.

UGLY: You can use the ID3 approach, whether you know what discrimination trees and features values are or not.

* You should use if when you are simply placing a constraint.

GOOD: If a=b, then go to step 4.

74. Sections and Heads

* Detail

GOOD: Section I Introduction

GOOD: Section I Assessment of the Benefits of Qualitative and Quantitative Reasoning

* Parallel

BAD: Section 5 Whether to Have Sex

        Section 6 Sex Can Be Fun

        Section 7 Is Sex Dangerous?

GOOD: Section 5 Whether to Fall in Love?

          Section 6 Why Falling in Love Can Be Fun?

          Section 7 How to Avoid the Dangers of Falling in Love?

75. Comprise

* You should not use comprise to indicate that the parts constitute (or make up) the whole.

BAD: A person is comprised of one or many parts.

GOOD: A person comprises heart, soul, and mind.

* Never use the phrase is comprised of

BAD: The software package is comprised of numerous lines of buggy code.

GOOD: The software package comprises a number of useful tools.

76. In Order To

The phrase in order to is fusty and verbose.

UGLY: Judy brought Steve new shoes, in oder to protect the white linoleum.

GOOD: Lyn climbed a tree, to avoid fighting with Max.

SPLENDID: Red climbed the tree after Lyn, so that he could help Lyn to climb down.

77. Em Dashes: --- em dash

BAD: Max had many worries--his company, his house, his car, and his socks, so he tended to frown often.

GOOD: Max had many sources of joy---his joy, his research institute, his house, his gourmet dinners, and his three felines---so he managed to survive from one day to the next.

* Note that you should use em dashes, rather than commas, to insert a clause that begins with for example or that is.

BAD: Various birds, for example penguins and roast chickens, have had an illustrious history in the field.

GOOD: Various towers---for example, those of Hanoi---have featured largely as well.

GOOD: Max had all the necessities of life---that is, food, shelter, warmth, and on-demand snuggles.

* You should use one em dash if you wish to tack on an extra thought at the end of a sentence.

GOOD: Spencer also has many business concerns---his coffee company being the main one; nonetheless, he takes off every Sunday to be with Therese.

* Do not use more than two em-dashes

BAD: ~~~ -- ~~ -- ~~ -- ~~ -- ~~

GOOD: ~~~ (~~) ~~~ (~~) ~~

=> You can use an em dash to indicate interrupted quoted speech.

GOOD: Richard -- -- ~~~ -- -- ~~~

78. Eminent, Emanate, Imminent, Immanent

* Eminent: Outstanding

GOOD: Carver is an eminent scientist.

* Emanate: to issue forth from, or to spring from (발산하다)

GOOD: Carver emanates charm and brilliance

* Imminent: about to happen or impending

GOOD: Carver's imminent arrival sent Lyn dashing around the house.

* Immanent: inherent, or existing only in the mind (내재적인, 마음 속에서만의)

GOOD: Carver was not sure what it would mean for him to be an immanent guest in Lyn's house.

79. Expect but non-arriving Agents

* to be fair to your reader, you should name whom you intend to name, and should deliver on any promises that you make about the forthcoming identification of an agent.

BAD: To solve the problem of derangements, generating functions were used by Max.

GOOD: To introduce power series, Max defined the general binomial series B(z) and the generalized exponential series E(z).

80. Its VS It's

* its: belonging to it

GOOD: Lyn was puzzled, because, if a rule's specificity is the number of value tests performed on the LHS, then what is its sensitivity?

* it's: it is

It's been a great year for workaholism in the Dupre-Henrion household.

31. Titles

* Don't use it generally

BAD: The Pope lives in Vatican.

BAD: How are the Kaiser and the Fuhrer different from the Queen.

* You should capitalize the title when you are referring to a specific person who holds it.

GOOD: "Come back tomorrow," Chief Quality-Assurance Specialist Suresh told the sales representative, "so that you can demo the system for President Henrion."

* You should capitalize names of companies, organizations, and government agencies 

BAD: There have been several directors of the department of health, education, and welfare.

GOOD: The new Director of the National Institute for Science and Technology promised to trim lean meat.

32. Contractions (단축)

* Generally Don't use contractions

GOOD: They are indispensable

UGLY: They're indispensable

* Particularly avoid using contractions that include a negation

UGLY: You don't need a computer to write a book.

GOOD: You do not need a brain to write a book.

BUT 'Let's' is commonly used.

33. Per

BAD: I adore you 7 days a week.

GOOD: I respect you 7 days per week.

BAD: At least once a day, Lyn ~~

GOOD: At least once per day, Lyn ~~

34. Number Styles

* put 0.x on a decimal point

BAD: .1 kilometer

GOOD: 0.6 inch

* Don't use a comma in a four-digit number

UGLY: Malcolm write 3,876 words

GOOD: Alyssa giggled 3876 times 

* In tables, you can use it

396,222

   4,333

      222     (right aligned)

* If a number digits are more than four, you can use comma.

GOOD: Lyn found 932,221,322 pennies

* If you spell out million, billion, and so on for numbers

BAD: 27,000,000,000 flowers

GOOD: 2.7 billion flowers.

* Use dollar sign

BAD: 1 dollar

GOOD: $1

* percent

UGLY??: only 2% if journals 

GOOD: 20 percent of the printer's cost

* range

UGLY: 4-40 percent of doctors

GOOD: during 80 to 90 percent of the day

* math

UGLY: at p less than 0.1

GOOD: at p < 0.1

BAD: The y axis value is off the graph.

GOOD: The x-axis label is missing.

35. Quotations 

[The New York Times, 4 May 1994, A17]

36. Fuzzy Words

* You should avoid writing some.

UGLY: You need some utilities to make this system useful.

GOOD: The addition of three utilities would make this system marketable.

* You should avoid writing thing

UGLY: I discussed several things in the last section

GOOD: In Section 15.4, I shall discuss how my research relates to work on dynamic interpersonal capitulation, and whether such relationships should be pursued.

* You should avoid writing very

UGLY: You look very impressive.

GOOD: You look exceptionally silly.

SPLENDID: You look remarkably ridiculous.

* a lot of

UGLY: You have to use a lot of scoring rules to evaluate a set of probability assessments.

GOOD: This book comprises myriad principles for lucid writing.

* actually, in fact, truly, really -> don't use when they fail to add meaning to your sentence.

UGLY: Actually, differential files in fact have advantage, such as that recovery after a program error is fast.

UGLY: In fact, what I really want to know truly is whether you actually told you client that he is a dunderhead.

GOOD: Trie hashing has benefits, such as that it preserves order, so sequential accessing is fast.

37. Parentheses

You should enclose in parentheses a remark that you want to downplay slightly. To emphasize a remark, you should enclose it in emdashes. 

GOOD: Consider, for example, that (x,y,z) could easily be a term in mathematics.

GOOD: In 1993, (Goldstein et al.) reported that all authors experience episodes of acute, blatant psychosis as their books enter production.

BAD: Judy had 1) a bicycle accident, and 2) a skiing accident 

GOOD: Steve brought home to Judy (1) chocolate-fudge ice cream, (2) chocolate cake, and (3) a bar of dark chocolate.

38. Split Infinitives: to be form of a verb

GOOD: Examples of infinitives are to giggle, to moan, to rate, to clobber, and to melt.

BAD: There are people who like to impulsively giggle, to continually moan, to insanely rave, to fiercely clobber, and to romantically melt.

BAD: To boldly go where no man has gone before.

GOOD: To go boldly where no one has gone before--and to return in one piece-- would be exhilarating.

39. Is Due To

The phrase is due to is subject to considerable disagreement. 

1. to indicate just rewarded

GOOD: Three dollars in change is due to me.

2. to mean is caused by 

GOOD: The tain is due to a chemical recation

3. to mean was written. (X)

UGLY: TEX is due to Knuth

40. Center On

The phrase center on is overused and abused so often in formal writing that it is ragged and tatty.

Substitute a term that indicates more precisely what you wish to convey.

* the meaning of center on is not particularly clear

UGLY: The staff meeting centered on who should clean up the kitchen.

GOOD: The group therapy emphasized insight into custom-tailored personal self-empowerment and inner-idiot actualization.

UGLY: We shall center on winning in this management class.

GOOD: We shall highlight breathing in this yoga class.

41. Quotation Marks

Quotation Marks(" ") for many purposes for which they were not intended is a common--and nasty--habit.

BAD: Dupre [1994, page 77] wrote scathingly, This string of foolishness is a poor excuse for a sentence.

GOOD: According to Spingholterusfoo, "Energy that is directed inward will eventually stultfy the soul]" [45, page 284]
GOOD: "I don't have time," Max squeaked.

* Do not use it just to call attention

BAD: "EAT" here

Put marks for question is good

GOOD: Did Maria say "I had enough to eat"
GOOD: Maria asked, "Is that all there is to eat?"

42. Remarks Inserted After That

BAD: Max feared that if he did not relax he would die.

GOOD: Max thought that, if he was alone, he would relax.

GOOD: Max thought that Lyn was not precisely relaxing.

GOOD: Soren was delighted that, contrary to his expectations, cohabitation suited him just fine.

the second one is a good example because you can remove it without ruining your sentence.

THAT 다음에 콤마(,)로 묶어서 없어져도 무방한 문장 있으면 콤마로 묶을 것

43. Figure Captions

The principle for lucid writing here is that you should write figure captions that provide explanations, legends, and credit lines, and should set them consistently. Most important, make sure that each figure caption provides sufficient information that the figure plus the caption stand alone.

UGLY: A map of Silicon Valley.

GOOD: A map of silicon Valley showing the failure rate of companies started between 1982 and 1992.

44. DATA

* You should remember that data is a plural of datum

BAD: The scientist collected data, and put it in his hat.

GOOD: The engineer collected data, and put them in her secret database.

* You should write volumes or numbers of data, rather than amounts of data.

BAD: This useless spreadsheet program cannot deal with a large amount of data.

GOOD: You can run the program on any number of data.

GOOD: If you have large volumes of data, you may need to purchase extra memory.

SPLENDID: We have many data to back up our wild assertions.

SPLENDID: Max's data were voluminous.

* You should write fewer data, rather than less data.

BAD: Could you please collect less data next time?

GOOD: The fewer the data, the less reliable the results.

45. Ensure, Assure, Insure

You should distinguish among them.

* You should use ensure to mean to make sure of a state of affairs, or to guarantee that an event occurs.

BAD: Jim was careful to insure that the project went smoothly.

GOOD: Carol was careful to ensure that the party went smoothly.

BAD: Using this software will assure that you pay your taxes on time.

GOOD: Using this software will ensure that you pay your rent on time.

* You should use insure to mean take out insurance on.

BAD: I need to ensure my car before I drive it.

GOOD: I need to insure my car before I drive it.

* You should use assure to mean give assurance, or reassure: 확신!

BAD: I need to assure my care before I drive it.

GOOD: I need to assure my passengers before I drive my car.

GOOD: To assure Lyn that he would be home in time to greet the guests.

GOOD: Max assured Lyn that he would be home in time to greet the guests.

GOOD: Max insured Lyn, so that he would be rich (in one respect) if she died.

GOOD: Lyn ensured that Max would not die young.

SPLENDID: Rest assured that I have insured your home to ensure your peace of mind.

SPLENDID: Before I can insure your business, you must assure me that you can ensure that your programmers do careful quality assurance.

46. Foreword VS Forward

GOOD: When I get stuck in a rut, I just put forward.

GOOD: Lyn called Peter a dozen times that day to pester him about the foreword

forward와 foreward(서문)은 다르다

47. Blocks: Theorems, Proofs, Lemmas

GOOD: Definition 7: Arithmetic logic unit (ALU).

GOOD: Theorem 1.1: Lyn is in Love.

          Proof: Lyn think ~~~ ~~~

Theorem 1: In a finite partition, the ~~

Definition 1: Hamster. Any of various old world rodents (~~) ~~.

48. Above and Below

* Use words such as previous, preceding, and earlier, rather than above.

UGLY: The above argument proves that ~~

GOOD: The preceding discussion indicates that ~~

GOOD: We described earlier how Carver could find his way in the woods ~~

* Use words such as following, next, and here, rather than below.

UGLY: The complicated, fancy-looking algorithm given below is useless nonsense.

GOOD: The following code will crash your coworkers' machines without giving you away.

GOOD: We provide the secret password here:

              Red fur at sunset makes BB fly.

GOOD: The A is given next:

* Whenever possible, you should give explicit cross-references, rather than simply indicating preceding or following.

UGLY: This equation is easier to solve than was the earlier one.

GOOD: The preceding equation is simpler than was Eq. 4.5

49. En Dashes

-- En dash

* Indicate a range

BAD: Read pages 4-12.

GOOD: Read Chapters 4--12

SPLENDID: Skip Exercises 4 through 12.

BAD: The monkey weighted 40-70 pounds each.

GOOD: The wombats weighted 40--70 pounds each.

SPLENDID: The children weighted 40 to 70 pounds each.

* You should use the -- to indicate an equal-weighted pair that is currently serving as an adjective.

BAD: Did you check his acid-base balance?

GOOD: Have you heard of the work--play balance?

GOOD: The Dupre--Henrion relationship is remarkably, if not alarmingly, complex.

50. As to Whether

The term as to whether is cumbersome and unnecessary; 

UGLY: Could you write a report explaining as to whether you will undertake the project.

GOOD: Can you explore whether the alternatives are viable options?

SAMPLE: I don't know whether they've found anybody yet.

1. Passive Voice vs Active Voice

Passive Voice는 지루할 수 있으므로,

왠만하면 Active Voice를 쓸것!

(주체가 불 분명한 경우는 Passive Voice)

2. I, We(저자가 2명~ ) VS You

글의 독자와 1 on 1 communication 처럼 느끼게 하기 위해서

I, We 와 You로 청자와 독자를 구체화한다.

3. So, So That, Such That

Example) 

I love you, so I'm happy

I love you, so that I am happy.

-> The reason I love you is that doing so makes me happy

I love you such that I am happy

-> The way I love you makes me, or allows me to be, happy

Lyn arose at 5:00 AM, so she was tired.

Lyn arose at 5:00 AM, so that she could drive Max to the airport

Lyn arose at 5:00 AM such that she was grumpy all day.

4. Between VS Among

2개: Between, Each other, a couple of

They loved each other

The key factors have a couple of important consequences: (1) AAA (2) BBB

3개 이상: Among, one another, several

Dr A, B, and C refer patients to one another

I have several reason for loving you; three of them have nothing to do with your personality.

SPLENDID: You can use any one of these programs with either system.

SPLENDID: The can might contain apples, peaches, or pears.

5. Only

Max ate only breakfast; he had no lunch or dinner.

Max only ate breakfast; he did not throw it on the floor.

6. Redundant Terms

Example) The burning candles were all lit and aflame.

7. Pronouns

Sometimes, you need to avoid to use pronouns:

BAD: The lion moved his whiskers close to Lyn's nose; he had never ~~

Good: The lion moved his whiskers close to Lyn's nose; Lynn had never ~~

* 모호하면, 대명사 적지 말것 Which의 경우는 바로 앞의 명사를 나타내므로 제외!

* 대명사와 지칭하는 명사의 수 일치도 중요하다.

* it, it을 여러번 사용하지 말것

8. Undefined This

UGLY: This does not grow in the garden.

GOOD: Certain trees do not grow in the garden.

SPLENDID: Decision trees do not grow in the garden.

9. Motivate

entity that is not a living creature cannot be motivated

BAD: our research was motivated by an intense desire to breed guppies.

GOOD: We were motivated to undertake this study by ~~

10. Oxymorons: 모순어법

Example) "You're an honest liar, Richard," his boss replied.

글은 일관성 있게 써야 한다.

11. Shall VS Will

Shall: predicting the future AND speaking either I or we

* GOOD: we shall discuss creative uses for CD-ROM drives in Section 12.4

Will: to imply intentionality

Example)

GOOD: After we dance the night away, we will make a champagne toast to the sunrise.

            => I am determined to drink champagne at an ungodly hour of the morning

GOOD: After I stay up all night working, I shall be too exhausted to play

            => I am merely predicting that I shall be burned out after a long all-nigher.

I shall never love anyone as I loved you; however, I will not sit home alone.

I will never love anyone as I loved you; therefore, I shall be lonely.

I shall cry if I have to edit another book on DOS

I will refuse to edit another book on FORTRAN

SPLENDID: I will drown! No on shall stop me!!

GOOD: We shall complete the project within 2 years.

=> We predict that the project will take 2 years to complete => a report to your supervisor

GOOD: We will complete the proposed work within 2 years.

=> We will do what it takes to complete the work within 2 weeks; use this form in a proposal 

SPLENDID: We commit to completing the proposed experiment within 2 months.

12. Key Terms

USE Bold for Key Terms: 

Ex) We suggest meditation to solve insoluble difficulties; 

13. Proven VS Proved

Proven(Adjective), Prove (Verb)

BAD: The theory has proven to be correct.

BAD: The theory was proven to be correct.

GOOD: The theory has been proved correct.

GOOD: The theory has proved to be correct.

GOOD: The theory uses a proven technique.

ex) proven recipe

14. Everyone, Someone, No One, None

* Don't make a space when you're writing someone or everyone

* every one of ~~ 는 물론 띄어쓰고

* No one 도 띄어쓰기 잘하기

* None: Not any, Not one, recast as none of them USE plural form of the verb, recast as none of it then you should use a singular verb

BAD: None of the rats is squeaking

GOOD: None of the kittens are lonely

BAD: None of the meal were edible.

GOOD: None of the pie is left.

15. Colon: COLON signifies that what follows it expands on or explain what precedes it: this is an example

* 문장의 마지막에 써줌

BAD: Jeff's few items of furniture were limited to: a couch, a chair, and a bed

GOOD: Jeff's numerous cars included an enormous old Buick, a massive pick-up truck, and a Mustang.

16. Effort

The word effort is widely overused and abused in formal writing.

EFFORT: to indicate strenous physical activity of the sort usually accompanied by groans and perspiration 

으르렁 거리고 땀날(노력)정도로 해서 나오는 것

UGLY: The Teach Everyone Frisbee effort failed because of a worldwide shortage in plastics.

GOOD: The Teach Everyone Singing project failed because of a worldwide shortage in decent voices.

SPLENDID: Lyn had wasted only a little time trying to get the car started, before she decided that she would have to make the effort to push it down the drive way.

17. Which VS That

That identifies the objects about which you are speaking, whereas which merely provides further information about those objects.

GOOD: That car that is speeding down the road is about to crash into a stuffed piglet.

GOOD: The car, which is speeding down the road, is about to crash into a fricasseed mongoose.

That! picks out a single car, which! explains general character 

GOOD: The ABC computer that has the most bells and whistles will sell fastest.

GOOD: The ABC computer, which has the most bells and whistles, will sell fastest

(1) ABC makes several computers, (2) discusses only certain kinds of computer

GOOD: The machine that has the color monitor is your Christmas present.

GOOD: The machine, which has a color monitor, is your Hannukah present.

(2) case give some additional information which can removed.

18. Spread-Out Phrases

You should not force you reader to back-track by spreading relevant phrases, over the expanse of you sentence.

19. While

while refers to time, it isn't like a whereas or although

BAD: Max could type on his laptop computer while talking on the telephone at the same time (redundant)

GOOD: Lyn could brush her teeth while petting Red.

20. Repeated Prepositions

of, by, with, to, from, for, on, in, and other prepositions!!! YOU HAVE TO USE IT PROPERLY

* Repeat it! Rightly!

GOOD: Max works with fools who know everything and with geniuses who know nothing, and on his business plan now and then.

21. Abbreviation and Acronyms

E.g. (exempli gratia): should be followed by a comma

Etc (et cetera) means and so on: should always be preceded by a comma

Et al. (et alia) means and others: you should use it only in reference citations - do not use it as a substitute in text for and colleagues, and associates, or and coworkers. 

I.e (Id set) means that is, and should always be followed by a comma

(e.g., he forgot to mention ~~~)

(i.e., of a diagnosis and associated plan)

(time, trim size, color, type of cat, etc.)

Lyn's term [Dupre et al., 1994]

* DO NOT DEFINE an acronym or abbreviation that you will not use later. 

* Unless you have a separate reason for doing so, you should not capitalize the initial latter

UGLY: Lyn's Random Access Memory (RAM)

GOOD: Lyn's random access memory (RAM)

* DO NOT USE DOT!

GOOD: It's foolish to ignore RISC architectures.

BAD: It's foolish to ignore R.I.S.C. architectures. 

Several Exceptions: We are U.S. tourists.   ,    400 B.C.       ,     A.D.

* ETC: Another way to express

GOOD: "The correct way to pronounce it," Max explained, "is twenty MIPS."

GOOD: "Thirty versus forty whats" asked Lois

GOOD: "Well, " replied Richard, "I am driving at sixty miles per hour"

22. Verbize: (grammar, informal, rare) to create a new verb by adding a suffix (especially -ize) to a noun.

BAD: Let's prioritize our tasks

GOOD: Let's put our goals in order of priority.

23. Comma

Commas are useful punctuation marks. They give your reader considerable guidance in parsing your sentence.

* And or OR 앞에 , 붙이기

UGLY: I don't want any ifs, ands or buts

GOOD: I don't want any coffee, tea, or milk

GOOD: Lyn, Read, and BB are all included in the package deal.

* You should place a comma after an introductory word, phrase, or clause

UGLY: Greg was worried; however he remained calm.

GOOD: Brendan was hungry; however, he remained calm.

SPLENDID: Lyn and Richard were still puzzled, however many times they reread the directions for assembling the stepper climber; however, they remained calm

* You should use commas around (that is, on both sides of) clauses inserted in the middle of a that mark.

UGLY: I want you to know that whatever happen, I will always think of you when I lounge in a papasan.

GOOD: I want you to know that, whatever happen, I will never let another man put ice on my bruised fingers after I smash them with a pipe clamp.

* You should use a comma wherever there is a logical pause, or whenever you begin a new thought.

UGLY: Misha wanted to buy black, squid-ink pasta so he went to Menlo Park.

GOOD: Holly wanted to live goat and rabbits and chickens and ducks and cats, so she moved to Oregon.

* Do not use comma splices.

GOOD: Note that a semicolon can be used to join two sentences; this sentence is an example.

24. Number Spelling

* Spell out all numbers at the beginning of a sentence

BAD: 22 bar-code readers arrived at the supermarket.

GOOD: Twenty-five people were shopping that day in the produce department.

* You should use numerals for all units of measure

BAD: The banana was six inches long.

GOOD: The banana slug was 7 inches long.

* 번호 자체를 지칭할 떄는 숫자로 쓴다, counting 할 때도 동일

GOOD: If Geoff adds 2 and 2, he may not get 4.

BAD: Maria pulled the three and the zero off the birthday cake, and ate them happily.

* You should spell out all numbers in quoted speech.

BAD: Max moaned, "I have 43 reports to write tonight- and it is already 11 o'clock!"

GOOD: Lyn bragged, "I write fifty pages before five o'clock today."

* You should spell out terms that are used to mean approximate amounts.

UGLY: Max and Lyn have 100S of skunks peeing on the plasterboard ~~~

GOOD: When two people live together, there are hundreds of opportunities for smooching.

ETC: dozens of competitors 

* Fraction (It's not clear, p.g., 107)

BAD: Brian ate 1/4 of the cake

GOOD: Adrienne left one-half of the shrimp; Brian ate nine of them and saved the rest

GOOD: Adrienne had only 1/4 hour left before she had to go to work. 

(In situation where you would spell out the whole number, spell out the fraction as well)

25. Impact

THERE ARE only two pleasing uses of impact: 

(1) to denote a forceful collision

GOOD: My car hit the curb with enormous impact.

(2) to mean packed or wedged in: wedge(쐐기)

GOOD: My wisdom tooth was impacted 

** Do not use to mean influence or effect

BECAUSE impacting people is credibly impolite

26. Lists: Need to review detail features 

* You should use intext lists for short items that do not require special emphasis.

GOOD: Instead, just remember two rules: (1) ~~, and (2) ~~

GOOD: The cat brought in several items: a mouse, and old sock, and what looked like old leftover roast chicken.

BAD: There are many errors that you can make: (1) . (2) . 

* You should use unnumbered intext lists in most cases. You should use numbered intext lists when you specify the number of entities.

GOOD: There are three monkeys: (1) see no evil, (2) hear no evil, and (3) speak no evil

* USE Arabic numerals

(1) , (2) , (3)        (O)

(a), (b), (i), (ii)     (X)

- Exception: if the number of chapter is a real one

27. Like VS Such as

Example is a member of the set: such as

that contains members that resemble your example, you should use like

GOOD: I do not understand baroque composers, such as Vivaldi

GOOD: I do not understand baroque composers [who are] like Art Garfunkel

* You should use as for comparisons of activities (verbs), and like for comparisons of objects (nouns)

GOOD: You feel as I do?

BAD: You feel like I felt yesterday?

GOOD: You feel like Roger Robbit?

28. Either and Both

* You should always set exactly two arguments with either or both

BAD: Judy ate up both the chocolate truffles and the fudge and the chocolate-chip ice cream.

BAD: You can either leave a message, telephone my assistant, or press 1 for further options.

GOOD: Steve declined both the milkshake and the cake.

* You should place before either any word that applies to the two alternatives.

BAD: I want to travel either on a camel or a tiger

GOOD: I want to travel either on a rickshaw or on a public bus

GOOD: I want to travel on either a bicycle or a soap box

GOOD: I want to travel either in a coffin or on a white elephant

* Both any word that applies to only one of them

BAD: Lumina both needs a message-handling service and a local-area network

==> The relationship of Lumina to the local-area network remains woefully undefined

GOOD: IDSR both needs a new computer and can afford one.

GOOD: Lumina invites both your suggestions for the product name and your attendance at the launch party.

29. Hyphens

There are three kinds of dash; the hyphen is the little one:

- hyphen

-- en dash

--- em dash

* 두 가지가 모여서 뜻이 될 때 (문장에 따라서): the front-end

BAD: This car has a dented back end.

* 만드는 예: 3개의 명사

rule based system  ==> (rule based) system ==> rule-based system

250 MB disk --> 250-MB disk

* 4개: local area network connections => local-area-network connections

30. Full VS Incomplete Infinitives

* You should know when to include the to in each infinitive.

GOOD: Lyn likes to play, to eat, and to sleep.

SPLENDID: Max likes to work, eat, and sleep.

SPLENDID: Cats like to sleep and eat.

* WHEN you are using two or more infinitives that are modified in different ways, you should always use the to 

BAD: Max likes to eat sour cherries and rise early.

GOOD: Lyn likes to slurp chocolate sodas and to sleep late.

GOOD: Lyn prefers to take bubble baths, to dance in the rain, and to swim naked in the ocean by starlight.

* 연습단어:

Ready, mother, learn, tomorrow

Strawberry, library, orange, cheers

출처: 잘 안되는 영어발음 딱 3주만 연습해보세요. (강추합니다)