1. Passive Voice vs Active Voice
Passive Voice는 지루할 수 있으므로,
왠만하면 Active Voice를 쓸것!
(주체가 불 분명한 경우는 Passive Voice)
2. I, We(저자가 2명~ ) VS You
글의 독자와 1 on 1 communication 처럼 느끼게 하기 위해서
I, We 와 You로 청자와 독자를 구체화한다.
3. So, So That, Such That
Example)
I love you, so I'm happy
I love you, so that I am happy.
-> The reason I love you is that doing so makes me happy
I love you such that I am happy
-> The way I love you makes me, or allows me to be, happy
Lyn arose at 5:00 AM, so she was tired.
Lyn arose at 5:00 AM, so that she could drive Max to the airport
Lyn arose at 5:00 AM such that she was grumpy all day.
4. Between VS Among
2개: Between, Each other, a couple of
They loved each other
The key factors have a couple of important consequences: (1) AAA (2) BBB
3개 이상: Among, one another, several
Dr A, B, and C refer patients to one another
I have several reason for loving you; three of them have nothing to do with your personality.
SPLENDID: You can use any one of these programs with either system.
SPLENDID: The can might contain apples, peaches, or pears.
5. Only
Max ate only breakfast; he had no lunch or dinner.
Max only ate breakfast; he did not throw it on the floor.
6. Redundant Terms
Example) The burning candles were all lit and aflame.
7. Pronouns
Sometimes, you need to avoid to use pronouns:
BAD: The lion moved his whiskers close to Lyn's nose; he had never ~~
Good: The lion moved his whiskers close to Lyn's nose; Lynn had never ~~
* 모호하면, 대명사 적지 말것 Which의 경우는 바로 앞의 명사를 나타내므로 제외!
* 대명사와 지칭하는 명사의 수 일치도 중요하다.
* it, it을 여러번 사용하지 말것
8. Undefined This
UGLY: This does not grow in the garden.
GOOD: Certain trees do not grow in the garden.
SPLENDID: Decision trees do not grow in the garden.
9. Motivate
entity that is not a living creature cannot be motivated
BAD: our research was motivated by an intense desire to breed guppies.
GOOD: We were motivated to undertake this study by ~~
10. Oxymorons: 모순어법
Example) "You're an honest liar, Richard," his boss replied.
글은 일관성 있게 써야 한다.
11. Shall VS Will
Shall: predicting the future AND speaking either I or we
* GOOD: we shall discuss creative uses for CD-ROM drives in Section 12.4
Will: to imply intentionality
Example)
GOOD: After we dance the night away, we will make a champagne toast to the sunrise.
=> I am determined to drink champagne at an ungodly hour of the morning
GOOD: After I stay up all night working, I shall be too exhausted to play
=> I am merely predicting that I shall be burned out after a long all-nigher.
I shall never love anyone as I loved you; however, I will not sit home alone.
I will never love anyone as I loved you; therefore, I shall be lonely.
I shall cry if I have to edit another book on DOS
I will refuse to edit another book on FORTRAN
SPLENDID: I will drown! No on shall stop me!!
GOOD: We shall complete the project within 2 years.
=> We predict that the project will take 2 years to complete => a report to your supervisor
GOOD: We will complete the proposed work within 2 years.
=> We will do what it takes to complete the work within 2 weeks; use this form in a proposal
SPLENDID: We commit to completing the proposed experiment within 2 months.
12. Key Terms
USE Bold for Key Terms:
Ex) We suggest meditation to solve insoluble difficulties;
13. Proven VS Proved
Proven(Adjective), Prove (Verb)
BAD: The theory has proven to be correct.
BAD: The theory was proven to be correct.
GOOD: The theory has been proved correct.
GOOD: The theory has proved to be correct.
GOOD: The theory uses a proven technique.
ex) proven recipe
14. Everyone, Someone, No One, None
* Don't make a space when you're writing someone or everyone
* every one of ~~ 는 물론 띄어쓰고
* No one 도 띄어쓰기 잘하기
* None: Not any, Not one, recast as none of them USE plural form of the verb, recast as none of it then you should use a singular verb
BAD: None of the rats is squeaking
GOOD: None of the kittens are lonely
BAD: None of the meal were edible.
GOOD: None of the pie is left.
15. Colon: COLON signifies that what follows it expands on or explain what precedes it: this is an example
* 문장의 마지막에 써줌
BAD: Jeff's few items of furniture were limited to: a couch, a chair, and a bed
GOOD: Jeff's numerous cars included an enormous old Buick, a massive pick-up truck, and a Mustang.
16. Effort
The word effort is widely overused and abused in formal writing.
EFFORT: to indicate strenous physical activity of the sort usually accompanied by groans and perspiration
으르렁 거리고 땀날(노력)정도로 해서 나오는 것
UGLY: The Teach Everyone Frisbee effort failed because of a worldwide shortage in plastics.
GOOD: The Teach Everyone Singing project failed because of a worldwide shortage in decent voices.
SPLENDID: Lyn had wasted only a little time trying to get the car started, before she decided that she would have to make the effort to push it down the drive way.
17. Which VS That
That identifies the objects about which you are speaking, whereas which merely provides further information about those objects.
GOOD: That car that is speeding down the road is about to crash into a stuffed piglet.
GOOD: The car, which is speeding down the road, is about to crash into a fricasseed mongoose.
That! picks out a single car, which! explains general character
GOOD: The ABC computer that has the most bells and whistles will sell fastest.
GOOD: The ABC computer, which has the most bells and whistles, will sell fastest
(1) ABC makes several computers, (2) discusses only certain kinds of computer
GOOD: The machine that has the color monitor is your Christmas present.
GOOD: The machine, which has a color monitor, is your Hannukah present.
(2) case give some additional information which can removed.
18. Spread-Out Phrases
You should not force you reader to back-track by spreading relevant phrases, over the expanse of you sentence.
19. While
while refers to time, it isn't like a whereas or although
BAD: Max could type on his laptop computer while talking on the telephone at the same time (redundant)
GOOD: Lyn could brush her teeth while petting Red.
20. Repeated Prepositions
of, by, with, to, from, for, on, in, and other prepositions!!! YOU HAVE TO USE IT PROPERLY
* Repeat it! Rightly!
GOOD: Max works with fools who know everything and with geniuses who know nothing, and on his business plan now and then.
21. Abbreviation and Acronyms
E.g. (exempli gratia): should be followed by a comma
Etc (et cetera) means and so on: should always be preceded by a comma
Et al. (et alia) means and others: you should use it only in reference citations - do not use it as a substitute in text for and colleagues, and associates, or and coworkers.
I.e (Id set) means that is, and should always be followed by a comma
(e.g., he forgot to mention ~~~)
(i.e., of a diagnosis and associated plan)
(time, trim size, color, type of cat, etc.)
Lyn's term [Dupre et al., 1994]
* DO NOT DEFINE an acronym or abbreviation that you will not use later.
* Unless you have a separate reason for doing so, you should not capitalize the initial latter
UGLY: Lyn's Random Access Memory (RAM)
GOOD: Lyn's random access memory (RAM)
* DO NOT USE DOT!
GOOD: It's foolish to ignore RISC architectures.
BAD: It's foolish to ignore R.I.S.C. architectures.
Several Exceptions: We are U.S. tourists. , 400 B.C. , A.D.
* ETC: Another way to express
GOOD: "The correct way to pronounce it," Max explained, "is twenty MIPS."
GOOD: "Thirty versus forty whats" asked Lois
GOOD: "Well, " replied Richard, "I am driving at sixty miles per hour"
22. Verbize: (grammar, informal, rare) to create a new verb by adding a suffix (especially -ize) to a noun.
BAD: Let's prioritize our tasks
GOOD: Let's put our goals in order of priority.
23. Comma
Commas are useful punctuation marks. They give your reader considerable guidance in parsing your sentence.
* And or OR 앞에 , 붙이기
UGLY: I don't want any ifs, ands or buts
GOOD: I don't want any coffee, tea, or milk
GOOD: Lyn, Read, and BB are all included in the package deal.
* You should place a comma after an introductory word, phrase, or clause
UGLY: Greg was worried; however he remained calm.
GOOD: Brendan was hungry; however, he remained calm.
SPLENDID: Lyn and Richard were still puzzled, however many times they reread the directions for assembling the stepper climber; however, they remained calm
* You should use commas around (that is, on both sides of) clauses inserted in the middle of a that mark.
UGLY: I want you to know that whatever happen, I will always think of you when I lounge in a papasan.
GOOD: I want you to know that, whatever happen, I will never let another man put ice on my bruised fingers after I smash them with a pipe clamp.
* You should use a comma wherever there is a logical pause, or whenever you begin a new thought.
UGLY: Misha wanted to buy black, squid-ink pasta so he went to Menlo Park.
GOOD: Holly wanted to live goat and rabbits and chickens and ducks and cats, so she moved to Oregon.
* Do not use comma splices.
GOOD: Note that a semicolon can be used to join two sentences; this sentence is an example.
24. Number Spelling
* Spell out all numbers at the beginning of a sentence
BAD: 22 bar-code readers arrived at the supermarket.
GOOD: Twenty-five people were shopping that day in the produce department.
* You should use numerals for all units of measure
BAD: The banana was six inches long.
GOOD: The banana slug was 7 inches long.
* 번호 자체를 지칭할 떄는 숫자로 쓴다, counting 할 때도 동일
GOOD: If Geoff adds 2 and 2, he may not get 4.
BAD: Maria pulled the three and the zero off the birthday cake, and ate them happily.
* You should spell out all numbers in quoted speech.
BAD: Max moaned, "I have 43 reports to write tonight- and it is already 11 o'clock!"
GOOD: Lyn bragged, "I write fifty pages before five o'clock today."
* You should spell out terms that are used to mean approximate amounts.
UGLY: Max and Lyn have 100S of skunks peeing on the plasterboard ~~~
GOOD: When two people live together, there are hundreds of opportunities for smooching.
ETC: dozens of competitors
* Fraction (It's not clear, p.g., 107)
BAD: Brian ate 1/4 of the cake
GOOD: Adrienne left one-half of the shrimp; Brian ate nine of them and saved the rest
GOOD: Adrienne had only 1/4 hour left before she had to go to work.
(In situation where you would spell out the whole number, spell out the fraction as well)
25. Impact
THERE ARE only two pleasing uses of impact:
(1) to denote a forceful collision
GOOD: My car hit the curb with enormous impact.
(2) to mean packed or wedged in: wedge(쐐기)
GOOD: My wisdom tooth was impacted
** Do not use to mean influence or effect
BECAUSE impacting people is credibly impolite
26. Lists: Need to review detail features
* You should use intext lists for short items that do not require special emphasis.
GOOD: Instead, just remember two rules: (1) ~~, and (2) ~~
GOOD: The cat brought in several items: a mouse, and old sock, and what looked like old leftover roast chicken.
BAD: There are many errors that you can make: (1) . (2) .
* You should use unnumbered intext lists in most cases. You should use numbered intext lists when you specify the number of entities.
GOOD: There are three monkeys: (1) see no evil, (2) hear no evil, and (3) speak no evil
* USE Arabic numerals
(1) , (2) , (3) (O)
(a), (b), (i), (ii) (X)
- Exception: if the number of chapter is a real one
27. Like VS Such as
Example is a member of the set: such as
that contains members that resemble your example, you should use like
GOOD: I do not understand baroque composers, such as Vivaldi
GOOD: I do not understand baroque composers [who are] like Art Garfunkel
* You should use as for comparisons of activities (verbs), and like for comparisons of objects (nouns)
GOOD: You feel as I do?
BAD: You feel like I felt yesterday?
GOOD: You feel like Roger Robbit?
28. Either and Both
* You should always set exactly two arguments with either or both
BAD: Judy ate up both the chocolate truffles and the fudge and the chocolate-chip ice cream.
BAD: You can either leave a message, telephone my assistant, or press 1 for further options.
GOOD: Steve declined both the milkshake and the cake.
* You should place before either any word that applies to the two alternatives.
BAD: I want to travel either on a camel or a tiger
GOOD: I want to travel either on a rickshaw or on a public bus
GOOD: I want to travel on either a bicycle or a soap box
GOOD: I want to travel either in a coffin or on a white elephant
* Both any word that applies to only one of them
BAD: Lumina both needs a message-handling service and a local-area network
==> The relationship of Lumina to the local-area network remains woefully undefined
GOOD: IDSR both needs a new computer and can afford one.
GOOD: Lumina invites both your suggestions for the product name and your attendance at the launch party.
29. Hyphens
There are three kinds of dash; the hyphen is the little one:
- hyphen
-- en dash
--- em dash
* 두 가지가 모여서 뜻이 될 때 (문장에 따라서): the front-end
BAD: This car has a dented back end.
* 만드는 예: 3개의 명사
rule based system ==> (rule based) system ==> rule-based system
250 MB disk --> 250-MB disk
* 4개: local area network connections => local-area-network connections
30. Full VS Incomplete Infinitives
* You should know when to include the to in each infinitive.
GOOD: Lyn likes to play, to eat, and to sleep.
SPLENDID: Max likes to work, eat, and sleep.
SPLENDID: Cats like to sleep and eat.
* WHEN you are using two or more infinitives that are modified in different ways, you should always use the to
BAD: Max likes to eat sour cherries and rise early.
GOOD: Lyn likes to slurp chocolate sodas and to sleep late.
GOOD: Lyn prefers to take bubble baths, to dance in the rain, and to swim naked in the ocean by starlight.
